RESEPSI DAN TRANSFORMASI ISTILAH ΔΟῦΛΟΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟῦ (DOULOS CHRISTOU) DALAM KONTEKS SOSIAL-EKONOMI ABAD PERTAMA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61660/track.v5i1.255Kata Kunci:
δοῦλος Χριστοῦ, Paulus, perbudakan, eksegesis tekstual, pendekatan historis-sosiologis, identitas Kristen, teologi Perjanjian BaruAbstrak
Penelitian ini membahas istilah Yunani δοῦλος Χριστοῦ (“hamba Kristus”) yang muncul dalam surat-surat Paulus dengan menelusuri konteks sosial-ekonomi, resepsi kontekstual, dan transformasi teologisnya. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif berbasis pendekatan historis-sosiologis dan eksegesis tekstual, kajian ini merekonstruksi realitas perbudakan dalam dunia Yunani-Romawi dan Yahudi abad pertama sekaligus menganalisis bagaimana Paulus menafsirkan ulang simbol tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa δοῦλος dalam konteks Romawi menandakan status hina tanpa hak sipil, sementara dalam tradisi Yahudi ia memiliki nuansa kehormatan sebagai “hamba Tuhan.” Paulus mentransformasi istilah ini menjadi identitas iman yang paradoksal: apa yang dianggap rendah justru ditinggikan sebagai tanda kebebasan rohani, kesetiaan, dan pengabdian kepada Kristus. Analisis aspek verbal memperlihatkan dimensi ganda identitas ini, yakni keputusan definitif yang tuntas (aorist) sekaligus pola hidup pelayanan yang berkesinambungan (present). Kesimpulan utama penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa δοῦλος Χριστοῦ bukan sekadar label pribadi Paulus, tetapi simbol subversif yang membentuk identitas, spiritualitas, dan relasi egaliter dalam komunitas Kristen mula-mula. Penelitian lebih lanjut dianjurkan untuk menelusuri resepsi istilah ini dalam tulisan Perjanjian Baru lainnya dan literatur Kristen awal.
Unduhan
Referensi
Anderson, G.P. (2023) “Freedom/Liberty,” in Dictionary of Paul and His Letters: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship, ed. Scot McKnight. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic: An Imprint of InterVarsity Press.
Belleville, L., Laansma, J.C. and Michaels, J.R. (2009) CORNERSTONE BIBLICAL COMMENTARY. Edited by P.W. Comfort. TYNDALE HOUSE PUBLISHERS.
Benjamin G. Wright, I. (1998) ˓Ebed/Doulos: Terms and Social Status in the Meeting of Hebrew Biblical and Hellenistic Roman Culture. Edited by A.D. Callahan. Semeia.
Brown, D. (2022) They Called Themselves Slave: A Brief Study of the English Translation of the Koine Greek Word doulos (slave) in the New Testament in the Context of Love and Obedience. WestBow Press.
Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018) Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Writing Center Talk over Time: A Mixed-Method Study. SAGE Publications, Inc. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429469237.
Gilbrant, T. (1991) “Δοῦλος (2),” in The New Testament Greek-English Dictionary. The Comple. WORDsearch.
Gupta, N.K. (2024) ‘Galatians’, in N.K. Gupta (ed.) New Word Biblical Themes. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Academic, pp. 50–51.
Harkins, A.K. (2006) Book Review: Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible, Theological Studies. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/004056390606700408.
Harris, M.J. (1999) ‘Slave of Christ : A NEW TESTAMENT METAPHOR FOR TOTAL DEVOTION TO CHRIST’, in D.A. Carson (ed.) New Studies in Biblical Theology. Downers Grove, IL; England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, pp. 190–191.
Harrison, J.R. (2020) Reading Romans with Roman Eyes: Studies on the Social Perspective of Paul. Fortress Academic.
Hart, D.B. (2017) The New Testament: A Translation. Yale University Press.
Hartsfield, M. (2010) ‘Refleksi Kepemimpinan: Pemimpin Melakukan Hal yang Benar: Frasa Populer atau Praktik Nyata?’, Jurnal Perspektif Alkitabiah dalam Kepemimpinan, 3(1). Available at: https://www-regent-edu.translate.goog/journal/journal-of-biblical-perspectives-in-leadership/leaders-do-the-right-thing/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc.
Horsley, R.A. (1998) “Paul and Slavery: A Critical Alternative to Recent Readings,”. Edited by et al. Allen Dwight Callahan. Semeia.
Kennard, D.W. (2016) Epistemology and Logic in the New Testament: Early Jewish Context and Biblical Theology Mechanisms That Fit within Some Contemporary Ways of Knowing. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock.
Lexical Summary 1401. doulos (2025) Bible Hub. Available at: https://biblehub.com/greek/1401.htm.
MacArthur, J.F. (2020) Only Jesus: What It Really Means to Be Saved. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.
Mark L. Strauss and III, T.L. (2023) “Slave,” in The Baker Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books: A Division of Baker Publishing Group.
Mbonu, C.N. (2010) Handmaid: The Power of Names in Theology and Society. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock.
Meadors, G.T. (1996) “Slave, Slavery,” in Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology, electronic ed., Baker Reference Library. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House.
Melick, R.R. (1991) ‘Philippians, Colossians, Philemon’, in The New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers.
Middendorf, M.P. (2013) ‘Romans 1–8’, in D.O. Wenthe and C.P. Giese (eds) Concordia Commentary. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, p. 502.
Oden, P. and Moltmann, J. (2019) Hope for the Oppressor: Discovering Freedom through Transformative Community. Fortress Academic.
Van Oyen, A. (2020) The Socio-Economics of Roman Storage: Agriculture, Trade, and Family, The Socio-Economics of Roman Storage: Agriculture, Trade, and Family. Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108850216.
Raguse, C.J. (2017) Enslaved to Christ: Paul and the free Corinthian Christian as ‘Slaves of Christ’.
Robertson, A.T. (1933) Word Pictures in the New Testament. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press.
Schoep, I., Driessen, J.M. and Tomkins, P. (2011) Back to the Beginning : Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Available at: https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5084271.
Small, D.B. (2019) Ancient Greece: Social Structure and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stott, J. (2006) Issues Facing Christians Today. 4th edn. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Strauss, M.L. and III, T.L. (2023) The Baker Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, Baker Books. Baker Books. Available at: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.39.7536.
Ucnikova, M. (2022) 50 million people worldwide in modern slavery, International Labour Organization. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/50-million-people-worldwide-modern-slavery-0.
Verbrugge, V.D. (2000) “Δοῦλος,” in New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, Abridged Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Zerbe, G. (2016) ‘Philippians’, in D.B.M. et Al. (ed.) Believers Church Bible Commentary. Harrisonburg, VA; Kitchener, ON: Herald Press, pp. 41–42.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Yuki Budirahardjo, Robinson Rimun
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
